Rotor element and a rotor for a screening apparatus

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a turbulence element for use with a rotor and a rotor featuring turbulence elements. The rotor is used in a screening apparatus of the pulp and paper industry. The turbulence element has a longitudinal centerline (CL); two longitudinal edges, a leading edge and a trailing edge; two opposite ends, a first end and a second end; and two surfaces, a top surface and a bottom surface arranged between the leading edge and the trailing edge. The top surface is divided into a leading surface having its origin at the leading edge, and a trailing surface having its origin at the trailing edge. The leading edge and the leading surface are provided with undulations (U).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. national phase application of InternationalApplication No. PCT/FI2013/050573 filed on 24 May 2013, which designatedthe U.S., and which claims priority to Finnish Patent Application No.20125551 filed on 25 May 2012. The contents of each of theseapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety inthis application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to a turbulence element and a rotor for ascreening apparatus. The turbulence element and the rotor of the presentinvention are particularly suitable for use in connection with screeningapparatuses of the pulp and paper industry.

2. Background Art

The screening apparatus used nowadays in the pulp and paper industry isalmost without exception a pressurized screening device i.e. a so-calledpressure screen into which the pulp to be screened is introduced in apressurized state. The most popular pressure screens comprise astationary screen cylinder and a rotating rotor in cooperationtherewith. The purpose of the screen cylinder is to divide the freshpulp or the fiber suspension entering into the screening zone where therotor rotates into an acceptable fiber fraction called the accepts, anda rejectable fiber fraction called the rejects. The screen cylinder aswell as, naturally, the rotor are located inside a screen housing havingducts for both the fresh fiber suspension, the accepts, and the rejects.Normally, the inlet duct or inlet for the fiber suspension is at one endof the screen housing, whereby the rejects outlet is at the opposite endof the housing. The accepts outlet is in communication with the acceptszone which is positioned at the opposite side of the screen cylinder inrelation to the screening zone. The purpose of the rotor is to createturbulence, and positive and negative pressure pulses in the fibersuspension to be screened to ensure that the apertures in the screencylinder do not become plugged with pulp and debris. This purpose isachieved by providing the rotor with specific turbulence or rotorelements.

At this stage it should be understood that screening devices whosescreen cylinder is rotary, and the means creating turbulence andpressure pulses is stationary, are also known, though more seldom used.The word ‘rotor’ is intended to cover also this kind of turbulencecreating means, as they can be said to rotate in relation to the screencylinder. Also it should be understood that the term ‘screen cylinder’covers all screening means having openings, i.e. holes or slots, forinstance, and having a rotationally symmetric shape. Thus conical orfrusto-conical shapes are also covered, and known from prior art.

The pressure screens are most often positioned such that their shaft isin an upright position. However, the pressurization of the fibresuspension makes it possible to position the shaft of a pressure screenin any direction including a horizontal direction. Due to thepressurized feed of the fibre suspension, it may be introduced into apressure screen to the top, to the bottom or to the centre regionthereof.

The pressure screens may also be divided into two groups based on thedirection of the accepts flow through the screen cylinder. When theaccepts flow radially outwardly, the screen is called an outflow screen,and when the accepts flow radially inwardly, the screen is called aninflow screen.

In accordance with the prior art there are, in principle, two differenttypes of rotors, which are commonly used in the pulp and paper industryand the intention of which, as known, is to maintain the screen surfaceclean, in other words to prevent blockage of the apertures in the screencylinder, and maintain sufficient turbulence in the screening zonecontaining the fresh, i.e. non-screened fiber suspension. These twotypes of rotors may be called an open rotor and a closed rotor. Anexample of an open rotor is disclosed in EP-B1-0764736 in which therotor is arranged inside a stationary screen cylinder. This type ofrotor comprises a concentric shaft and a number of turbulence elementsin the form of foils extending close to the surface of the screencylinder. Each foil is supported on the shaft by means of one or morearms extending through the screening zone which contains fresh pulp whenthe screening apparatus is in operation. The foils may be axial or theymay form an angle with the shaft of the rotor and the axis of the screencylinder. While the foil, or the fibre suspension in relation to thefoil, is moving, the trailing surface of the foil subjects the screensurface to a negative pressure pulse for flushing the apertures of thescreen cylinder or, rather, for preventing the fibres from accumulatingon the screen surface and from blocking the screening openings by meansof creating a back flow from the accepts zone to the screening zone.

An example of the other rotor type, i.e. the closed rotor, has beendiscussed, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,437,204, in which the rotoris a substantially-cylindrical closed body positioned inside a screencylinder. The rotor surface in this patent is provided with turbulenceelements, i.e. protrusions, which are almost hemispherical in form. Inthis kind of apparatus, the fresh fibre suspension is fed between therotor and the screen cylinder, whereby the protrusions of the rotor, theso-called bumps, create turbulence and pressure pulses towards and awayfrom the screen cylinder. In other words, the leading surface of eachbump pushes the pulp towards the screen cylinder and the trailingsurface of the bump induces a suction pulse that draws the fiberaccumulations from the apertures of the screen cylinder. Most often theclosed rotor surface is cylindrical. In a broader sense,rotationally-symmetrical rotor surfaces may also be discussed, as thereare rotors having a frusto-conical shape or a dome shape. Additionally,there are also rotors not literally having a rotationally symmetricalshape. One such rotor is a so-called S-Rotor, which is formed of twoidentical cylinder halves attached to each other such that two radially,or substantially radially, arranged surfaces join the half-cylindricalsurfaces.

The above mentioned EP-B1-0764746 also teaches that a turbulence elementclosely resembling a foil may be attached on the surface of a closedrotor. In other words, the turbulence element has a rounded or curvedsurface, i.e. a convex leading surface between the leading edge of theturbulence element and the peak-line, a line defining the position wherethe element is at its highest, and a curved trailing surface between thepeak-line and the trailing edge of the element. Like the foil of an openrotor, the turbulence element of a closed rotor may extend eithercontinuously from the first end of the rotor to the second end thereofor for a substantial part of the length of the rotor. In a similarmanner, the turbulence element may extend axially along the rotorsurface or it may form a sharp angle with the axial direction.

Pulp screens are commonly used to remove oversize contaminants, such asplastic specks, fiber bundles or glass fragments from pulp. Thesecontaminants might otherwise reduce the appearance of the paper, tissue,paper board or other products which are made from the pulp. Thecontaminants might also weaken the paper product or lead to operatingproblems. In addition, if the contaminants fall out of thepartially-formed paper or other paper product, they can foul theequipment used to make the paper products. For any of these variousreasons, pulp is screened to remove oversize contaminants from thedesirable pulp fibers at an early stage of the pulping and papermakingprocesses.

While the intent of the pulp screen is to remove contaminants, it mustalso have a sufficiently high capacity to support the production of themill and to not limit production. Reduced power consumption is also anobjective of improved pulp screening operation.

The two critical components within a pulp screen are the screen cylinderand the screen rotor. The cylinder has small holes or narrow slotsthrough which the fibers pass, but the oversize contaminants do not. Therotor most typically rotates, though there are some pulp screen designswhere the rotor is stationary and the screen cylinder rotates. In thetypical configuration, where the rotor rotates, the primary objective ofthe rotor is to ensure that the cylinder does not become permanentlyplugged with fibers, contaminants and other material and thus unable toprocess the required flow of pulp. The rotor accomplishes this in twoways. First, the rotor will generate suction pulses which backflushblockages in apertures in the screen cylinder and thus clears thecylinder apertures.

Second, the rotor can also generate three-dimensional turbulence andfluid activity which removes incipient blockages at the aperture entryand applies forces in a multiplicity of directions to help to releaseany blocked material. Rotors will typically rely mostly or oftenentirely on the first method, which focuses on blockage removal bysimple, mostly radial backflushing pulse. The limited effectiveness ofsuch a single-direction action requires that the rotors rotate atrelatively high speeds to provide a strong and frequent backflushingaction. Power consumption will tend to be quite high with this approach.

A few rotors have been designed to also provide some three-dimensionalactivity with the intention of augmenting the main backflushing action,as discussed previously. These other rotors have failed, however, toeffectively combine the “activity” and “backflushing” actions. Forexample, the bump-type (for instance U.S. Pat. No. 3,437,204) andsimilar (for instance CA-C-1,335,088) type rotor elements generaterelatively large-scale three-dimensional activity, but the activityoccurs adjacent the pulse generating element and is not effectivelycoupled with the backflushing action. Likewise another rotor designdiscussed in CA-C-2, 118,410 has foil-type elements, with some ridgesattached to the surface of the foil, which provides some smallthree-dimensional scale activity, but the activity occurs at virtuallythe same time as the rotor suction pulse and the benefit is lost.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,261 discusses a rotor for pressure sorters forsorting fibrous suspensions. The rotor comprises a plurality of cleaningvanes provided for the circulation on the inlet side of a screencylinder of the pressure sorter, these vanes being designed in sectionsas return regions and in sections as supply regions; the return regionsare designed such that they urge the fibrous suspension portionsadjacent the screen inlet side away from the screen cylinder, whereuponthese fibrous suspension portions are diverted by the supply regions ofthe cleaning vanes towards the screen inlet side and fed back to thelatter.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,603 discusses an apparatus and method for treatingfiber suspension. The apparatus is especially applicable for pulpscreening in the wood processing industry, particularly for theseparation of light particles from fiber suspensions. The apparatuscomprises an outer casing with conduits for inlet pulp, accepts, heavierrejects and lighter rejects; a filter cylinder and a rotor, the surfaceof which is provided with at least one protrusion; and an opening forguiding the light rejects through the surface of the rotor.

DE-A1-10 2011 086 205 discusses a wing for fiber mass sorter. The winghas adjustable fins that are arranged at the end portions of the wing,to prevent ejection of the fiber mass over the ends of the wing. Aspring is arranged at guidance portion and a slider suspension isarranged at discharge section. The upper and bottom surfaces areconnected with the guidance edge and exit edge of the wing.

Thus the main problems with the prior art rotors are that

-   -   they are incapable of creating any three-dimensional activity in        connection with the rotor operation (such as with long,        foil-type elements on the rotor surface), or    -   the three-dimensional activity is simultaneous with the radial        backflushing, or    -   the three-dimensional activity created in connection with the        rotor elements results in guiding the pulp to be screened to the        axial sides of the element and thus weakening the effect of the        activity.

A further problem resulting from the inefficient operation of the priorart rotors is their requirement for higher rotor speed, which means inpractice higher power consumption.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to develop a rotor element orturbulence element and a rotor, which avoids at least some of theproblems discussed in connection with the above prior art rotors.

A further object of the present invention is to generatethree-dimensional fluid activity and forces that may begin to weaken andrelease a blockage and then to follow this almost immediately, but notcoincidentally, with the stronger backflushing pulse.

A still further object of the present invention is to design aturbulence element and a rotor that may be rotated more slowly and thatis more energy-efficient than prior art rotors.

At least one of the above objects has been achieved in the presentinvention by providing the leading edge of the turbulence elements withundulations. The undulated features of the leading edge and the leadingsurface of the turbulence element are of a sufficiently large scale thatthey induce some preliminary, three-dimensional activity to weaken ablockage. This preliminary activity is then followed by the main pulsingand backflushing action of the turbulence element while the blockageremains disturbed.

This more effective rotor action may be used to increase screen capacityand reliability. In addition, the more effective rotor action will allowthe rotors to be operated at slow rotational speeds to achieve powersavings.

The above-mentioned objects are achieved by means of a novel turbulenceelement and rotor construction, the characterizing features of whichwill become clear in the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The turbulence element and the rotor of the present invention arediscussed in more detail in the following description with reference tothe accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 a illustrates a cross-sectional view of a turbulence element inaccordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present inventiontaken along line A-A of FIG. 1 b,

FIG. 1 b illustrates a top view of a turbulence element in accordancewith a first preferred embodiment of the present invention,

FIG. 1 c illustrates a perspective view of the turbulence element inaccordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention,

FIG. 2 a illustrates a top view of a turbulence element in accordancewith a second preferred embodiment of the present invention,

FIGS. 2 b and 2 c illustrate two cross-sectional views of a turbulenceelement in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the presentinvention taken along lines B-B and C-C of FIG. 2 a, respectively,

FIGS. 3 a and 3 b illustrate schematically solid rotors provided withtwo visible turbulence elements of FIGS. 2 a-2 c,

FIG. 4 illustrates schematically an open rotor provided with three foilsclosely resembling those discussed in more detail in connection withFIGS. 2 a-2 c, and

FIG. 5 illustrates a few examples for the design of the leading edge ofthe turbulence element of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1 a, 1 b and 1 c illustrate a turbulence element 10 of a firstpreferred embodiment of the present invention. The turbulence element 10is planned to be attached on the surface of a solid, most often,cylindrical rotor surface such that the direction of movement of theturbulence element in relation to the pulp or fiber suspension to bescreened is shown by arrow DR. In case the rotor is a rotary one, thearrow shows the direction of the rotation of the rotor. The element maybe fastened either directly on a rotationally symmetrical rotor surface,by means of one or more short arms on a rotationally symmetrical rotorsurface, or by means of one or more arms on the shaft of the rotor. Theelement 10 has a longitudinal centreline CL, a leading edge 12 and atrailing edge 14. When defining the centreline CL of the turbulenceelement, the CL is considered to lie midway between the trailing edgeand either a virtual line along the outermost edges of the waveextensions at the leading edge or the leading edge. Normally the maindirections of the leading and trailing edges are parallel with thecentreline CL, but there may be cases when the main directions of theedges form an angle with the centreline CL. Also, the trailing edge isusually linear, but it is also within the scope of the present inventionthat the trailing edge is curved, whereby also the centreline CL may becurved. However, it is also possible that the trailing edge is curvedand the centreline CL linear, whereby also the leading edge should becurved, but in a direction opposite to that of the trailing edge. Theelement 10 has a top surface formed of a leading surface 18 extendingfrom the leading edge 12 towards the trailing edge 14, and a trailingsurface 16 extending from the trailing edge 14 towards the leading edge12. The leading and trailing surfaces meet along the peak-line of theturbulence element, i.e. at the highest point of the turbulence elementand form a straight, curved or wavy peak-line along the top surface ofthe turbulence element, where the distance from the rotor to the screencylinder is at its smallest. The turbulence element 10 has also a bottomsurface 20, which faces, and lies against the solid rotor surface whenthe element is fastened on the solid core rotor. The leading surface 18is a convex or concave surface or a planar surface forming an acuteangle with the bottom surface 20. The acute angle is measured in a planeperpendicular to the axis of the rotor between a line running via theleading edge and the above defined peak-line running highest on theturbulence element. Thereby the angle could as well be called an averageangle. The acute angle means, too, that, the radial clearance betweenthe turbulence element and the screen cylinder decreases from theleading edge to the above mentioned peak-line, and so does the radialclearance between the trailing surface of the turbulence element and thescreen cylinder when moving from the trailing edge to the peak-line. Inother words, both the leading and trailing surfaces are sloping, i.e.the surfaces are inclined in relation to a cylindrical surface runningvia the leading edge and/or the trailing edge of the turbulence element.And finally the turbulence element 10 has two side surfaces 22 and 24 atits opposite axial ends. In the case of an open rotor, one or more armscarrying the turbulence element are fastened to the bottom or the sidesurfaces of the turbulence element. In the turbulence element of thisfirst preferred embodiment of the present invention, the centreline CLis axially aligned when the turbulence element 10 is fastened on therotor surface, i.e. it is parallel with the rotor axis. In this casetoo, the end or side surfaces 22 and 24 are preferably, but notnecessarily, situated in planes perpendicular to the rotor surface or tothe axis of the rotor, whereby the end surfaces extend in acircumferential direction.

The main direction of the leading edge 12 of the turbulence element 10of a first variation of the first preferred embodiment is generallyparallel with the trailing edge 14. However, in accordance with a secondvariation of the present invention, the leading edge 12 of theturbulence element 10 of the present invention is not linear but wavy orundulated, i.e. the leading edge 12 is provided with waves orundulations U such that, in the longitudinal direction (i.e. the generaldirection of the centreline CL) the leading edge 12, has a plurality ofconsecutive extensions 26 and recessions 28 as shown in FIG. 1 b. Ineither case (i.e. in either variation) the leading surface 18 of theturbulence element is, in its longitudinal direction (i.e. the generaldirection of the centreline CL), provided with undulations as shown inFIG. 1 a, which is a cross section taken along line A-A of FIG. 1 b. Inother words, the extensions 26 of the second variation extend as hills,and the recessions 28 of the second variation extend as valleys up alongthe leading surface 18 towards the peak-line and starting from theleading edge 12. In accordance with the first variation, the hills ofthe leading surface start directly from the leading edge of the element.To form the valleys in the leading surface, the leading surface isimmediately after the leading edge bent inwards to form a concavesurface. In accordance with this embodiment, the thus-formedundulations, i.e. the hills and valleys, extend along the leadingsurface 18 at most for the entire circumferential length of the leadingsurface 18, i.e. from the leading edge to the peak-line, but, notnecessarily for the entire length thereof. The dimensioning of theturbulence element 10 is preferably such that the turbulence element 10has a longitudinal dimension, i.e. length L, and a chord length, C, thechord length C being the longest linear dimension in a radial plane,i.e. a plane being at right angle to the axis of the rotor, between thetrailing edge 14 and the leading edge 12, i.e. distance from thetrailing edge 14 to the top of the extension 26 in the leading edge 12.The undulations have a depth D (see Fig. la) and width W (see FIG. 1 b).The depth D varies along the length of the undulation, i.e. from theleading edge to the centreline of the turbulence element. Thus thegreatest depth of the undulation may be found at the leading edge asshown in FIG. 1 a, but the greatest depth may as well be found somewhereupper at the leading surface. Especially, if the leading edge of theturbulence element is straight. The greatest depth D is preferablybetween 5-25%, more preferably between 10 and 15%, of the chord lengthC. The width of an undulation may be equal for the entire length of theundulation, but the width may also be variable. The width W is, orvaries, preferably between 10 and 50%, more preferably between 15 and35% of the chord length C. In order to create in front of the screensurface, i.e. in front of the screening apertures, three-dimensionalactivity of a sufficient magnitude, the leading edge of the turbulenceelement 10 should include at least two, preferably more than two,extensions and recessions. In such a case that the undulations at theleading edge or the leading surface of the turbulence element have aconstant shape, the above definition means that the length L of theturbulence element 10 is preferably at least 2*W, more preferably atleast 4*W. The turbulence element of the invention has a length L,preferably, but not necessarily, equal to at least twice the chordlength C.

The turbulence element 10 of FIGS. 1 a and 1 b functions such that whenthe flow of a fiber suspension meets the leading surface 18 of theturbulence element, the parts of the fiber suspension hitting theextensions or hills of the leading surface not only move over theextension in the direction of the rotation, but are also deflectedsideways perpendicular to the direction of rotation generatingthree-dimensional activity, which is apt to loosen the blockages fromthe apertures in the screen cylinder.

FIGS. 2 a, 2 b and 2 c illustrate a turbulence element 110 of a secondpreferred embodiment of the present invention. The turbulence element110 is intended to be attached on the surface of a solid, most often, acylindrical surface of a rotor such that the direction of movement ofthe turbulence element in relation to the pulp or fiber suspension to bescreened is shown by arrow DR. In case the rotor rotates, the arrowshows the direction of the rotation of the rotor. The element 110 may befastened either directly on a rotationally symmetrical rotor surface, bymeans of one or more short arms on a rotationally symmetrical rotorsurface, or by means of longer arms on the shaft of the rotor. Theelement 110 has a longitudinal centreline CL, a leading edge 112 and atrailing edge 114. Normally the main directions of the leading andtrailing edges are parallel with the centreline, but there may be caseswhen the main directions of the edges form an angle with the centrelineCL. The element 110 has a top surface formed of a leading surface 118extending from the leading edge 112 towards the trailing edge 114, and atrailing surface 116 extending from the trailing edge 114 towards theleading edge 112. The leading and trailing surfaces meet at thepeak-line of the turbulence element which may be a straight, curved orwavy line along the top surface of the turbulence element, and is thelocation where the distance from the rotor to the screen cylinder is atits smallest. The turbulence element 110 has also a bottom surface 120,which faces and lies against the solid rotor surface when the element isfastened on the solid-core rotor. The leading surface 118 is a convex,concave or planar surface forming an acute angle with the bottom surface120. The acute angle is measured in a plane perpendicular to the axis ofthe rotor between a line running via the leading edge and the abovedefined peak-line running highest on the turbulence element. Thereby theangle could as well be called an average angle. The acute angle alsomeans that the radial clearance between the turbulence element and thescreen cylinder decreases from the leading edge to the above mentionedpeak-line, and so does the radial clearance between the trailing surfaceof the turbulence element and the screen cylinder when moving from thetrailing edge to the peak-line. In other words, both the leading andtrailing surfaces are sloping, i.e. inclined in relation to acylindrical surface running via the leading edge and/or the trailingedge of the turbulence element. And finally the turbulence element 110has two end or side surfaces 122 and 124 at its opposite axial ends. Inthis case, the end surfaces 122 and 124 are preferably, but notnecessarily, situated in planes perpendicular to the rotor surface,whereby the end surfaces extend in a circumferential direction. However,the end surfaces may also be located in a plane perpendicular to thetrailing edge or, in fact, in any other imaginable plane. In the case ofan open rotor, one or more arms carrying the turbulence element arefastened to the bottom or the side surfaces of the turbulence element.In the turbulence element of this second preferred embodiment, thecentreline CL is aligned at an angle α in relation to a plane runningalong the axis of the rotor when the turbulence element 110 is fastenedon the rotor surface. The angle α is preferably between −45 and 45degrees. This means in practice that if the turbulence element 10 iskept as the starting point, the element is not only stretched to atrapezoidal shape but is also twisted to a spiral shape such that thebottom surface 120 of the rotor substantially conforms to the solidrotor surface onto which it is to be fastened. For the above reason, thelengths of end surfaces 122 and 124 in the top view of FIG. 2 a are notequal. To be specific, the top view of FIG. 2 a is taken directly abovethe end surface 124.

The main or general or average direction of the leading edge 112 of theturbulence element 110 of a first variation of the second preferredembodiment is generally parallel with the trailing edge 114. Inaccordance with a second variation, the leading edge 112 of theturbulence element 110 of the second preferred embodiment of the presentinvention is not linear but wavy or undulated, i.e. in a similar mannerthan in the second variation of the first embodiment of the presentinvention shown in FIG. 1 b. The turbulence element of the secondvariation is thus provided with undulations such that the leading edge112 has, in its longitudinal direction, a plurality of consecutiveextensions 126 and recessions 128 as shown in FIG. 2 a. The undulationsare naturally found in the leading surface 118, too, as shown in FIGS. 2b and 2 c. Thus the design variations already discussed in connectionwith the two variations of the first embodiment of the present inventionare applicable to the second embodiment as well. In other words, FIG. 2b illustrates a cross section taken along line B-B of FIG. 2 a, wherebythe chord length Cb represents the smallest linear chord length measuredin the radial plane between the trailing edge 114 and the bottom orvalley 128 of the undulations. In a corresponding manner, FIG. 2 cillustrates a cross section taken along line C-C of FIG. 2 a, wherebythe chord length Cc represents the longest linear chord length measuredin a radial plane, i.e. a plane being at a right angle to the axis ofthe rotor, between the trailing edge 114 and the top or extension 126 ofthe undulations. The extensions 126 extend as hills, and the recessions128 extend as valleys up along the leading surface 118. In accordancewith this embodiment of the present invention the thus formedundulations, i.e. hills and valleys extend along the leading surface 118for at most the entire circumferential extension of the leading surface118, i.e. from the leading edge to the peak-line, but not necessarily tothe entire length thereof. The dimensioning of the turbulence element110 is preferably such that the turbulence element 110 has a length Land a chord length C. The chord length C is the longest linear distancein a radial plane between the trailing edge 114 and the leading edge112, i.e. a distance from the trailing edge 114 to the extension 126 inthe leading edge 112 shown as dimension Cb in FIG. 2 b and dimension Ccin FIG. 2 c. The undulations or valleys have a depth D corresponding toCc minus Cb (see FIGS. 2 b and 2 c) and width W, i.e. a dimensionbetween the tops of two consecutive extensions (or recessions) (see FIG.2 a). The depth D is preferably between 5-25%, more preferably between10 and 15%, of the chord length C (here same as Cc), and the widthpreferably between 10 and 50%, more preferably between 15 and 35%, ofthe chord length C (here same as Cc). In order to create in front of thescreen surface, i.e. in front of the screening apertures,three-dimensional activity of a sufficient magnitude to support theclearing of the apertures, the leading edge of the turbulence element 10should include at least two, and preferably more than two, extensionsand recessions. In such a case that the undulations at the leading edgeor the leading surface of the turbulence element have a constant shape,the above definition means that the length L of the turbulence element10 is preferably at least 2*W, more preferably at least 4*W. Theturbulence element of the invention has a length L preferably, but notnecessarily, equal to at least twice the chord length C.

FIGS. 3 a and 3 b show two exemplary embodiments where the turbulenceelements 110′ and 110″ of the second preferred embodiment of the presentinvention are positioned on the surface 302′ and 302″ of a substantially(including all rotationally symmetric rotor types) cylindrical solidrotor 300′ and 300″. The elements 110′ and 110″ may be positioned eithermore or less randomly, or, more preferably, in accordance with a certainwell-designed pattern on the surface 302′ and 302″ of the rotor toprovide regular and periodic pulsations at the aforementioned openingsin the screen cylinder. As may be seen the direction of the centrelineof the elements may change from −45 (FIG. 3 a) to +45 degrees (FIG. 3b).

FIG. 4 shows as another exemplary embodiment, the turbulence elements210, which substantially correspond to the elements 110 of FIGS. 3 a-3c, arranged by means of arms 404 on the shaft 406 of an open rotor 400,also including structures where the rotor is formed of a cylindrical orotherwise rotationally symmetrical body on which the turbulence elementsare arranged by means of the above mentioned arms. As above in FIG. 3,the elements may be arranged more or less randomly on the rotor shaft,and more preferably in a certain well-designed pattern to provideregular and periodic pulsations at the aforementioned openings in thescreen cylinder.

FIG. 5 shows, as an example, four different configurations for theundulations. In view of the examples, it is clear that the undulationsused in the leading edge or their cross-section at the leading surfaceof the turbulence element of the present invention may be formed ofsaw-tooth shaped or rounded extensions and recessions. The saw-toothshape may have a tip angle of from about 45 degrees to about 150degrees. The rounded extensions and recessions of the undulations may beformed from half circles to one eighths of a circle. Also, it ispossible that the undulations are formed of any imaginable combinationsof curves and lines including, for instance, sharp inflection pointsand/or curved transitions. Further, the shape and size of theundulations may be either constant or changing along the length of theturbulence element. In other words, both the width and the height of theundulations may change. Naturally, it is also possible that only one ofeither the width and the length of the undulations change.

The turbulence element of the present invention may also be providedwith additional means arranged on, or in connection with, the surfacesof the element.

A first additional means are winglets, i.e. strips or lists attached onall or any one of the trailing surface, the leading surface and thebottom surface of the turbulence element. Such winglets extendpreferably in a desired direction from the surface of the turbulenceelement. In other words, they may be positioned in a radial plane,whereby they are positioned perpendicular to the turbulence elementsurface. However, it is also possible to arrange the winglets in a planedeviating somewhat from a radial plane, whereby the winglets guide theflow in a desired direction, i.e. either in a circumferential directionor in a direction towards or away from the reject end of the screencylinder. Naturally, the winglets may be also curved if desired.

While the invention has been discussed and described above in view of afew preferred embodiments, it has to be understood that the abovedescription should by no means be considered as limiting the scope ofthe invention from what has been disclosed in the appended claims. Alsoit has to be understood that various specific details discussed inconnection with a certain embodiment may be used in connection withother embodiments of the invention whenever practically possible.

1. A screening apparatus of pulp and paper industry, the screeningapparatus comprising: a screen cylinder and a turbulence creating meansrotating relative to the screen cylinder, the turbulence creating meanshaving turbulence elements fastened thereon, each of the turbulenceelements facing the screen cylinder and comprising: a longitudinalcenterline (CL); a length (L) in a direction of an axis of theturbulence creating means; two longitudinal edges, a leading edge and atrailing edge; two opposite ends, a first end and a second end; and twosurfaces, a top surface facing the screen cylinder and a bottom surface,each of the two surfaces arranged between the leading edge and thetrailing edge; the top surface divided into a leading surface having anorigin at the leading edge, and a trailing surface having an origin atthe trailing edge, the leading and trailing surfaces meeting at apeak-line, and the leading surface having a circumferential lengthbetween the leading edge and the peak-line and the leading surfacehaving undulations (U), wherein each of the undulations extends at mostfor the entire circumferential length of the leading surface, andwherein the leading surface forms an acute angle with the bottom surfaceof the turbulence element for the entire length (L) thereof.
 2. Thescreening apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the undulations (U)are formed of consecutive hills and valleys at the leading surface. 3.The screening apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein each of theturbulence elements comprises at least two extensions and at least tworecesses recessions at the leading edge.
 4. The screening apparatus asrecited in claim 3, wherein the undulations comprise consecutiveextensions and recesses at the leading edge.
 5. The screening apparatusas recited in claim 1, wherein each of the turbulence elements has achord length (C, Cc), the chord length (C, Cc) defined as a longestlinear dimension in a radial plane between the trailing edge and theleading edge, and wherein each of the undulations (U) has a greatestdepth (D) equal to 5-25% of the chord length (C).
 6. The screeningapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the turbulence elementshas a chord length (C, Cc), the chord length (C, Cc) defined as alongest linear dimension in a radial plane between the trailing edge andthe leading edge, and the undulations (U) have a width (W) such that thewidth is between 10 and 50% of the chord length (C).
 7. The screeningapparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the length (L) of each of theturbulence elements is equal to at least twice the chord length (C). 8.The screening apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the trailing edgeof each of the turbulence elements extends parallel to the centrelinecenterline (CL).
 9. The screening apparatus as recited in claim 1,wherein the trailing edge of each of the turbulence elements forms anangle with the centerline (CL).
 10. The screening apparatus as recitedin claim 1, wherein each of the turbulence elements comprises a spiralshape.
 11. The screening apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein atleast one of the leading surface, the trailing surface, and the bottomsurface of each of the turbulence elements is provided with one or morewinglets.
 12. The screening apparatus as recited in claim 1, whereineach of the turbulence elements is attached on a rotationally symmetricsurface of the turbulence creating means.
 13. The screening apparatus asrecited in claim 1, wherein each of the turbulence elements is attachedby one or more arms on a rotationally symmetric surface of theturbulence creating means.
 14. The screening apparatus as recited inclaim 1, wherein each of the turbulence elements is attached by one ormore arms on a shaft of the turbulence creating means.
 15. The screeningapparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein each of the turbulence creatingmeans has an axis, and wherein each of the turbulence elements isarranged on a surface of the turbulence creating means such that thelongitudinal centerline (CL) of the turbulence element forms an acuteangle α with a plane extending along the axis of the turbulence creatingmeans.
 16. The screening apparatus as recited in claim 15, wherein theangle α is between −45 degrees and +45 degrees.
 17. The screeningapparatus as recited in claim 16, wherein said angle α changes variesfrom the first end of the turbulence element to the the second end ofthe turbulence element.
 18. Turbulence element for a screening apparatusof the pulp and paper industry, the turbulence element comprising: alongitudinal centreline CL; a length (L); two longitudinal edges, afirst edge and a second edge; two opposite ends, a first end and asecond end; and two surfaces, a top surface and a bottom surface, eachof the two surfaces arranged between the first edge and the second edge;the top surface divided into a first surface having an origin at thefirst edge, and a second surface having an origin at the second edge,the first and second surfaces meeting at a peak-line, and the firstsurface having a circumferential length between the first edge and thepeak-line, and the first surface having undulations (U), wherein each ofthe undulations extends at most for an entire circumferential length ofthe first surface and wherein the first surface forms an acute anglewith the bottom surface of the turbulence element for the entire length(L) thereof.
 19. The turbulence element as recited in claim 18, whereinthe undulations (U) are formed of consecutive hills and valleys at thefirst surface.
 20. The turbulence element as recited in claim 19,wherein the turbulence element comprises at least two extensions and atleast two recesses at the first edge.
 21. The turbulence element asrecited in claim 18, wherein the undulations comprise consecutiveextensions and recesses at the first edge.
 22. The turbulence element asrecited in claim 18, wherein the turbulence element has a chord length(C, Cc), the chord length (C, Cc) defined as a longest linear dimensionin a radial plane between the second edge and the first edge, andwherein the undulations (U) have a greatest depth (D) equal to 5-25% ofthe chord length (C).
 23. The turbulence element as recited in claim 18,wherein the turbulence element has a chord length (C, Cc), the chordlength (C, Cc) defined as the longest linear dimension in a radial planebetween the second edge and the first edge, and wherein the undulations(U) have a width (W) such that the width is between 10 and 50% of thechord length (C).
 24. The turbulence element as recited in claim 23,wherein the length (L) of the turbulence element is equal to at leasttwice the chord length (C).
 25. The turbulence element as recited inclaim 18, wherein the second edge of the turbulence element extendsparallel to the centerline (CL) of the turbulence element.
 26. Theturbulence element as recited in claim 18, wherein the second edge ofthe turbulence element forms an angle with the centreline centerline(CL).
 27. The turbulence element as recited in claim 18, wherein theturbulence element comprises a spiral shape.
 28. The turbulence elementas recited in claim 18, wherein at least one of the first surface, thesecond surface, and the bottom surface of the turbulence element isprovided with one or more winglets.